Wireless Technology: What You and Your Family Need to Know About Radiofrequency Radiation
By Tayren N. Ben-Abraham, MPH, MSc., M.A., M.A.
(Note: This article is adapted from
research that will be explored in greater detail in a forthcoming manuscript by
the Ben-Abraham Center for Environmental Health Sciences.)
Smartphones, Wi-Fi, tablets, smart
watches, and wireless earbuds have become part of everyday life (Davis et al.,
2023). These technologies facilitate and enhance out abilities to communicate,
work, learn, and stay connected with friends, family, and even the entire
world. At the same time, they expose us to radiofrequency radiation
(RFR), a form of non-ionizing electromagnetic energy used to transmit
wireless signals (Ben-Abraham, 2025; Davis et al., 2023; Birnbaum et al., 2022;
Zamanian & Hardiman, 2005). Scientists continue to study whether long-term
exposure to RFR may affect human health. While there is ongoing debate about
the strength of the evidence, many public health researchers recommend simple
steps to reduce unnecessary exposure, especially for children and pregnant
women, because these precautions are easy, inexpensive, and minimal health
risks (Ben-Abraham, 2025; Davis et al.,, 2025; Davis et al., 2023).
Why
Children May Be More Vulnerable
Children are not simply "small
adults." Their bodies and brains are still in development, which may
influence how they respond to environmental exposures (Davis et al., 2023).
Several characteristics distinguish children from adults which are the cause of
this heightened vulnerability. First, children have thinner skulls that may allow
radiofrequency energy to penetrate more deeply into the brain and other tissues
(Davis et al., 2023; Kaplan et al., 2016). Second, children have a higher water
content and the brain tissue of children may experience an alteration in the
manner of absorption of electromagnetic energy (Davis et al., 2023; Morris et
al., 2015). Third, the ever-developing nervous system in children, which
carries on throughout the lifecycle, may be affected by electromagnetic energy
absorption (Ben-Abraham, 2025; Davis et al., 2023; Kaplan et al., 2016; Morris
et al., 2015). In particular, myelin, the protective insulation
around nerve fibers which allows the brain to send signals over long distances
at lightning speeds, continues to develop through the late teen years and even
into the early twenties (Aigbogho, 2026). When myelin is disrupted,
electromagnetic frequencies move more freely throughout the body of a child,
cause neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorder,
electrohypersensitivity disorder, demyelinating neurodegenerative diseases such
as multiple sclerosis, and even motor impairments (Lekovic, 2026; Malviya &
Rajput, 2026). Because of these developmental differences, many scientists
recommend taking extra precautions to minimize unnecessary wireless exposure in
children while research continues.
Are
Current Safety Standards Up to Date?
Wireless devices sold in the United
States must comply with exposure limits established by the Federal
Communications Commission (FCC) (Scarato, 2025). These limits were adopted in
1996 and were designed primarily to prevent tissue heating caused by
radiofrequency energy (Davis et al. 2023; Birnbaum et al., 2022; Morris et al.,
2015). Critics of the current standards argue that they do not fully reflect
modern patterns of wireless device use or incorporate decades of newer research
investigating possible biological effects that occur below heating thresholds
(Ben-Abraham, 2025; Davis et al., 2023; Birnbaum et al., 2022). Current
radiofrequency radiation (RFR) safety standards are based on the assumption
that tissue heating is the primary established health effect, considering
exposures that raise core body temperature by less than 1 °C to be safe
(Ben-Abraham, 2025; Davis et al., 2023; Birnbaum et al., 2022; Kaplan et al.,
2016; Morris et al., 2015). However, some researchers argue that a growing body
of evidence suggests biological effects may also occur at exposure levels below
current thermal limits, including oxidative stress, DNA damage, reproductive
effects, and neurological changes, although the extent and health significance
of these non-thermal effects remain an active area of scientific investigation
(Ben-Abraham, 2025; Davis et al., 2023; Birnbaum et al., 2022; Kaplan et al.,
2016; Morris et al., 2015). Supporters note that the standards remain
protective based on established evidence regarding thermal effects
(Ben-Abraham, 2025; Davis et al., 2023; Birnbaum et al., 2022; Kaplan et al.,
2016; Morris et al., 2015). As research evolves, scientists continue to debate
whether existing regulations should be updated to incorporate newer findings
and exposure scenarios.
What
Does the Research Suggest?
Research examining the health effects
of radiofrequency radiation has produced mixed results (Ben-Abraham, 2025; Davis
et al., 2023; Birnbaum et al., 2022; Kaplan et al., 2016). While no single
study provides definitive answers, several areas continue to receive scientific
attention. Effectively, there is no consensus on this issue, but there is
evidence of harms caused by this technology.
Brain
Development and Behavior
Some observational studies have
reported associations between heavy wireless device use and difficulties with
attention, learning, memory, and behavioral regulation in children and
adolescents (Ben-Abraham, 2025; Davis et al., 2023). However, it is often
difficult to separate the effects of radiofrequency exposure from screen time,
sleep disruption, social media use, or other lifestyle factors. Researchers are
working to find the causal link between these observations and the effects of
the presence of wireless devices (Ben-Abraham, 2025; Davis et al., 2023; Kaplan
et al. 2016).
Parent–Child
Interaction
Researchers have described a phenomenon
known as "technoference," in which frequent
interruptions from smartphones reduce face-to-face interactions between parents
and children (Davis et al., 2023, Morris et al., 2015). This has an effect on
the child later in life when they are expected to deal with a world that relies
on face-to-face interactions and other social interactions (Davis et al., 2023,
Morris et al., 2015). Reduced verbal engagement during early childhood may
affect language development and social learning (Davis et al., 2023, Morris et
al., 2015). Unlike radiofrequency exposure itself, this effect results from
technology use rather than electromagnetic energy.
Sleep
and Wireless Technology
Using smartphones and other digital
devices before bedtime can interfere with healthy sleep through multiple
biological, behavioral, and psychological mechanisms. Blue light emitted from
screens, particularly at wavelengths around 440 nanometers, suppresses
melatonin production, the hormone produced by the pineal gland that helps
regulate the sleep-wake cycle (Ben-Abraham, 2025; Davis et al., 2023; Kaplan et
al., 2016). Melatonin also serves as a powerful antioxidant and free radical
scavenger, making adequate nighttime production important for both sleep and
overall health (Ben-Abraham, 2025; Davis et al., 2023; Kaplan et al., 2016). In
addition to blue light exposure, some research suggests that pulsed
high-frequency electromagnetic fields (EMFs) emitted by wireless devices may
alter brain activity during sleep, including changes in sleep
electroencephalograms (EEGs) (Davis et al., 2023; Kaplan et al., 2016; Morris
et al., 2015). Sleep disturbances are also among the most commonly reported
symptoms by individuals with Electromagnetic Hypersensitivity (EHS), although
the condition and its underlying mechanisms remain subjects of ongoing
scientific investigation (Ben-Abraham, 2025; Davis et al., 2023; Kaplan et al.,
2016; Morris et al., 2015).
Behavioral factors also play a
significant role. Among adolescents, greater screen time, increased social
media use, and keeping smartphones in the bedroom have been associated with
shorter sleep duration, poorer mood, and reduced daytime functioning (Davis et
al., 2023). Similar findings have been reported among preschool-aged children,
where greater screen exposure is associated with shorter sleep duration and
poorer sleep quality, which may contribute to communication difficulties,
impaired problem-solving skills, and increased attention problems (Davis et
al., 2023). Excessive digital media use, including Internet Gaming Disorder,
can further disrupt normal sleep patterns by increasing nighttime media
engagement and interfering with family relationships and school performance
(Davis, et al., 2023). Clinicians have also suggested that highly interactive
media may produce chronic nervous system arousal, making it more difficult to
fall asleep and maintain restful sleep (Davis et al., 2023; Kaplan et al.,
2016).
While many studies have reported
associations between wireless device use and sleep disruption, the evidence is
not entirely consistent (Ben-Abraham, 2025; Davis et al., 2023). For example,
the SPUTNIC study found no significant association between short-term radiofrequency
(RF-EMF) exposure from mobile phone calls and sleep duration or sleep quality
in adults (Ben-Abraham, 2025). The investigators suggested that some observed
sleep disturbances may be explained by non-biophysical mechanisms, such as
stress, notifications, and the psychological demands of constant connectivity,
rather than radiofrequency radiation itself (Ben-Abraham, 2025). Consequently,
researchers continue to investigate the independent contribution of nighttime
wireless exposure to sleep disruption, and this remains an active area of
scientific research.
Potential Health Risks of Wireless Exposure in Adults
Research has investigated the potential long-term health effects
of chronic wireless exposure in adults, particularly from mobile phones,
wireless devices, and other sources of radiofrequency radiation (RFR) and
electromagnetic fields (EMFs). Areas of concern include cancer, neurological
and neurodegenerative effects, mental health outcomes, electromagnetic
hypersensitivity, and reproductive health (Lekovic, 2026). While some studies
have reported associations between chronic exposure and adverse health outcomes,
other studies have not observed the same effects, and researchers continue to
investigate these relationships (Davis et al., 2023; Birnbaum et al., 2022).
Cancer Risks
A major area of investigation involves the potential relationship
between long-term wireless device use and cancer risk in adults.
Epidemiological and case-control studies have examined associations between
chronic mobile phone exposure and various tumor types (Ben-Abraham, manuscript
in preparation; Davis et al., 2023; Birnbaum et al., 2022; Morris et al.,
2015). Some systematic analyses have reported associations between prolonged
cell phone use and increased risks of certain brain tumors. Studies examining
long-term exposure suggest that 10 years or more of cell phone use may be associated
with increased glioblastoma risk, with approximately 20 years of exposure
associated with more than a doubling of risk (Davis et al., 2023; Morris et
al., 2015). A 2020 meta-analysis found that cumulative mobile phone use of
1,000 hours or more (approximately 17 minutes per day over 10 years) was
associated with a statistically significant increase in tumor risk (Davis et
al., 2023; Morris et al., 2015). However, other studies have not identified
comparable increases, and the relationship between wireless exposure and brain
cancer remains an area of ongoing scientific debate. Research has also explored
potential associations between wireless exposure and other cancers. Heavy
mobile phone use has been associated with a doubled risk of thyroid cancer among
individuals with specific genetic susceptibilities (Davis et al., 2023; Morris
et al., 2015). Additionally, researchers have reported unusual patterns of
multifocal breast cancer among women who carried mobile phones in their bras,
with tumors appearing directly beneath the location of the phone antennas
(Davis et al., 2023; Morris et al., 2015).
Neurological and Neurodegenerative Risks
Chronic EMF exposure has also been studied in relation to
neurological symptoms and neurodegenerative diseases in adults. First,
a discussion about Alzheimer and Parkinson Diseases. Some occupational
studies have suggested that long-term exposure to magnetic fields may increase
the odds of developing Alzheimer’s disease by two to three times (Ben-Abraham,
manuscript in preparation; Davis et al., 2023; Kaplan et al., 2015).
Residential exposure to extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields
(ELF-EMF) has also been associated with increased risks for Alzheimer’s
disease, Parkinson’s disease, and multiple sclerosis (Ben-Abraham, manuscript
in preparation; Zamanian & Hardiman, 2005). Although these findings remain
inconclusive, researchers continue to investigate possible biological
mechanisms involved in neurodegeneration. Other conditions such as amyotrophic
lateral sclerosis and other neurological conditions are also affected my
electromagnetic radiation. Some epidemiological studies have reported
correlations between occupational EMF exposure and ALS mortality (Davis et al.,
2023; Kaplan et al., 2016; Zamanian & Hardiman, 2005). However, this
relationship remains debated, and additional research is needed. Additionally,
chronic mobile phone use has been reported as a possible contributor to
headaches and migraines among some adults.
Mental Health Risks and Psychological Effects
Figure 11. Therapist with patient. Source: Unsplash.com
Wireless technology may influence adult mental health through both
potential biological pathways and behavioral effects associated with constant
connectivity. The SPUTNIC study of adults found a significant association
between increased mobile phone screen time and higher stress levels
(Ben-Abraham, manuscript in preparation). However, because this association was
not observed with phone calls, which involve greater radiofrequency exposure,
researchers suggested that the effect may involve non-biophysical factors, such
as psychological stress caused by constant availability and digital demands
(Ben-Abraham, manuscript in preparation). These factors affect people with
anxiety and depression. Electromagnetic devise use is associated with elevation
inflammatory markers, like C-reactive protein which may exacerbate the both
anxiety and depression (Ben-Abraham, manuscript in preparation). On the
other hand, electromagnetic radiation has potential therapeutic
applications such as in the use of transcranial magnetic stimulation and
SEQEX. Some clinical studies using targeted ELF-EMF therapies, including
the SEQEX device, have reported reductions in depressive symptoms yet the
effects cannot be sustained long-term (Ben-Abraham, manuscript in preparation).
These findings suggest that electromagnetic-based approaches may have potential
therapeutic applications, although further research is required.
Electromagnetic Hypersensitivity (EHS)
Figure 12. Sensitivity from environment. Source: Earwaxremoval.net
Some adults, as well as children, report symptoms they attribute to
electromagnetic exposure, a condition commonly referred to as Electromagnetic
Hypersensitivity (EHS). Estimates from some sources suggest that up to 15% of
individuals report experiencing symptoms associated with wireless sources
(Davis et al., 2023). Symptoms associated with EHS include fatigue, sleep
disturbances, memory difficulties, heart palpitations, tinnitus, and
gastrointestinal complaints (Ben-Abraham, manuscript in preparation; Davis et
al., 2023). A Swedish case report described a healthy couple who developed
disabling symptoms within days after installation of a 5G base station on their
roof reported symptoms reportedly improved after relocating to an environment
with lower exposure levels (Davis et al., 2023). Consequently, in the United
States, EHS has been recognized by the Access Board as a condition that may
qualify as a disability under the Americans with Disabilities Act (Ben-Abraham,
manuscript in preparation; Davis et al., 2023).
Reproductive Health Risks
Adult reproductive health is one of the most extensively studied
areas regarding potential biological effects of wireless radiation exposure.
Research has examined whether carrying mobile phones in pockets or using
laptops directly on the lap may affect male reproductive function. Studies have
reported potential associations between radiofrequency exposure and reduced
testosterone levels, as well as changes in sperm quality, including decreased
sperm viability, motility, and morphology (Davis et al., 2023; Morris et al.,
2015). Research has also examined possible reproductive risks among women. In
pregnant individuals, scientists continue to investigate whether high levels of
electromagnetic radiation exposure may be associated with adverse pregnancy
outcomes (Davis et al., 2023).
Practical Ways to Reduce Exposure
Fortunately, reducing exposure does not require giving up modern
technology. Public health professionals often recommend following
the ALARA principle that aims at keeping exposure As Low As
Reasonably Achievable. Simple strategies include the following:
· Keep
your phone away from your body: Avoid carrying it in a pocket, bra, or
directly against the skin whenever possible (Davis et al., 2023; Morris et al.,
2015).
· Use
speakerphone or a wired headset during longer phone conversations (Ben-Abraham,
manuscript in preparation; Davis et al., 2023; Zamanian & Hardiman, 2005).
· Enable
Airplane Mode when wireless connectivity is unnecessary, particularly when
children use devices for downloaded games, videos, or music (Davis et al.,
2023).
· Avoid
making calls with a weak signal: Phones typically increase transmission
power when reception is poor (Davis et al., 2023).
· Choose
wired internet connections when practical, especially for desktop
computers or home offices (Davis et al., 2023; Zamanian & Hardiman, 2005).
· Avoid
sleeping with your phone next to your pillow: Charge it several feet away
or in another room if possible (Ben-Abraham, manuscript in preparation; Davis
et al., 2023; Kaplan et al., 2016).
· Limit
unnecessary wireless exposure for young children and other vulnerable
groups whenever practical (Davis et al., 2023).
The Bottom Line
Wireless technology has transformed modern life and offers
tremendous benefits for communication, education, healthcare, and emergency
response. At the same time, questions remain about the potential health effects
of lifelong exposure to radiofrequency radiation, particularly among children
and other potentially vulnerable populations. Yet, scientific understanding
continues to evolve. While researchers work toward clearer answers, adopting
simple exposure-reduction measures is a practical, low-cost approach that
allows families to continue enjoying technology while applying the
precautionary principle. Good public health is often about reducing avoidable
risks before definitive proof arrives. Small changes in everyday habits can
help minimize unnecessary exposure while science continues to investigate the
long-term health implications of wireless technologies.
References
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